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Alexander Fernando Pacheco (born August 1958) is an American animal rights activist. He is co-founder and former chairman of People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), founder of All American Animals, a member of the advisory board of the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society, and the creator of 1-800-Save-a-Pet.com .
Pacheco first came to public attention in 1981 for his role in what became known as the Silver Spring monkeys case, a campaign to save 17 crab-eating macaques who were undergoing experiments in the Institute for Biological Research in Silver Spring, Maryland. Oliver Stone writes that the political campaign to save the monkeys and highlight their treatment gave birth to the animal rights movement in the United States.
The campaign began when Pacheco took a job as a volunteer at the Institute to learn more about animal research as part of his animal rights activism. Edward Taub, a psychologist, was engaged there in research that involved removing the sensory input from monkeys' limbs, then withholding food and subjecting them to electric shocks to force the animals to use the limbs they could not feel. Largely because of the conditions in which the monkeys were kept, Pacheco reported Taub for violations of animal cruelty laws. Police raided the lab and seized the monkeys. Taub was charged with 119 counts of animal cruelty, the first such charges to be brought in the U.S. against a research scientist. He was convicted on 6 counts, but the convictions were later overturned on appeal, one of them as the result of a jurisdictional technicality.
The resulting legal battle for custody of the monkeys reached the United States Supreme Court, the first animal-rights case to do so, generating a large amount of publicity for PETA, and transforming it from what Ingrid Newkirk called "five people in a basement" into a national movement. As a result of the case, the House of Representatives Subcommittee on Science, Research and Technology held hearings which led to the 1985 Animal Welfare Act, and in 1986, changes in United States Public Health Service guidelines for animals used in animal research included a requirement that each institution seeking federal funding have an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee whose job it is to oversee how laboratory animals within that institution are cared for.
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